财政部


中华人民共和国营业税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

1993年12月25日，财政部

细则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国营业税暂行条例》（以下简称条例）第十六条的规定制定本细则。
第二条 条例第一条所称应税劳务是指属于交通运输业、建筑业、金融保险业、邮电通信业、文化体育业、娱乐业、服务业税目征收范围的劳务。
加工和修理、修配，不属于条例所称应税劳务（以下简称非应税劳务）。
第三条 条例第五条第（五）项所称外汇、有价证券、期货买卖业务，是指金融机构（包括银行和非银行金融机构）从事的外汇、有价证券、期货买卖业务。非金融机构和个人买卖外汇、有价证券或期货，不征收营业税。
条例第五条第（五）项所称期货，是指非货物期货。货物期货不征收营业税。
第四条 条例第一条所称提供应税劳务、转让无形资产或销售不动产，是指有偿提供应税劳务、有偿转让无形资产或者有偿转让不动产所有权的行为（以下简称应税行为）。但单位或个体经营者聘用的员工为本单位或雇主提供应税劳务，不包括在内。
前款所称有偿，包括取得货币、货物或其他经济利益。
单位或个人自己新建（以下简称自建）建筑物后销售，其自建行为视同提供应税劳务。

转让不动产有限产权或永久使用权，以及单位将不动产无偿赠与他人，视同销售不动产。
第五条 一项销售行为如果既涉及应税劳务又涉及货物，为混合销售行为。从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者的混合销售行为，视为销售货物，不征收营业税；其他单位和个人的混合销售行为，视为提供应税劳务，应当征收营业税。
纳税人的销售行为是否属于混合销售行为，由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
第一款所称货物，是指有形动产，包括电力、热力、气体在内。
第一款所称从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者，包括以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主，并兼营应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者在内。

第六条 纳税人兼营应税劳务与货物或非应税劳务的，应分别核算应税劳务的营业额和货物或者非应税劳务的销售额。不分别核算或者不能准确核算的，其应税劳务与货物或者非应税劳务一并征收增值税，不征收营业税。
纳税人兼营的应税劳务是否应当一并征收增值税，由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。

第七条 除本细则第八条另有规定外，有下列情形之一者，为条例第一条所称在中华人民共和国境内（以下简称境内）提供应税劳务、转让无形资产或者销售不动产：
（一）所提供的劳务发生在境内；
（二）在境内载运旅客或货物出境；
（三）在境内组织旅客出境旅游；
（四）所转让的无形资产在境内使用；
（五）所销售的不动产在境内。
第八条 有下列情形之一者，为在境内提供保险劳务：
（一）境内保险机构提供的保险劳务，但境内保险机构为出口货物提供保险除外；
（二）境外保险机构以在境内的物品为标的提供的保险劳务。
第九条 条例第一条所称单位，是指国有企业、集体企业、私有企业、股份制企业、其他企业和行政单位、事业单位、军事单位、社会团体及其他单位。
条例第一条所称个人，是指个体工商户及其他有经营行为的个人。
第十条 企业租赁或承包给他人经营的，以承租人或承包人为纳税人。
第十一条 除本细则第十二条另有规定外，负有营业税纳税义务的单位为发生应税行为并向对方收取货币、货物或其他经济利益的单位，包括独立核算的单位和不独立核算的单位。
第十二条 中央铁路运营业务的纳税人为铁道部，合资铁路运营业务的纳税人为合资铁路公司，地方铁路运营业务的纳税人为地方铁路管理机构，基建临管线运营业务的纳税人为基建临管线管理机构。
从事水路运输、航空运输、管道运输或其他陆路运输业务并负有营业税纳税义务的单位，为从事运输业务并计算盈亏的单位。
第十三条 立法机关、司法机关、行政机关的收费，同时具备下列条件的，不征收营业税：
（一）国务院、省级人民政府或其所属财政、物价部门以正式文件允许收费，而且收费标准符合文件规定的；
（二）所收费用由立法机关、司法机关、行政机关自己直接收取的。
第十四条 条例第五条所称价外费用，包括向对方收取的手续费、基金、集资费、代收款项、代垫款项及其他各种性质的价外收费。
凡价外费用，无论会计制度规定如何核算，均应并入营业额计算应纳税额。
第十五条 纳税人提供应税劳务、转让无形资产或销售不动产价格明显偏低而无正当理由的，主管税务机关有权按下列顺序核定其营业额：
（一）按纳税人当月提供的同类应税劳务或者销售的同类不动产的平均价格核定。
（二）按纳税人最近时期提供的同类应税劳务或者销售的同类不动产的平均价格核定。

（三）按下列公式核定计税价格：
计税价格＝营业成本或工程成本×（1＋成本利润率）÷（1－营业税税率）
上列公式中的成本利润率，由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府所属税务机关确定。
第十六条 根据条例第四条的规定，纳税人按外汇结算营业额的，其营业额的人民币折合率可以选择营业额发生的当天或当月1日的国家外汇牌价（原则上为中间价）。但金融保险企业营业额的人民币折合率为上年度决算报表确定的汇率。
纳税人应在事先确定选择采用何种折合率，确定后一年内不得变更。
第十七条 运输企业从事联运业务的营业额为其实际取得的营业额。
条例第五条第六项中所称的其他情形，包括旅游企业组织旅游团在中国境内旅游的，以收取的旅游费减去替旅游者支付给其他单位的房费、餐费、交通、门票和其他代付费用后的余额营业额。
第十八条 纳税人从事建筑、修缮、装饰工程作业，无论与对方如何结算，其营业额均应包括工程所用原材料及其他物资和动力的价款在内。
纳税人从事安装工程作业，凡所安装的设备的价值作为安装工程产值的，其营业额应包括设备的价款在内。
第十九条 本细则第四条所称自建行为的营业额，比照本细则第十五条的规定确定。

第二十条 条例第五条第（四）项所称转贷业务，是指将借入的资金贷与他人使用的业务。将吸收的单位或者个人的存款或者自有资本金贷与他人使用的业务，不属于转贷业务。
第二十一条 保险业实行分保险的，初保业务以全部保费收入减去付给分保人的保费后的余额为营业额。
第二十二条 单位或个人进行演出，以全部票价收入或者包场收入减去付给提供演出场所的单位、演出公司或者经纪人的费用后的余额为营业额。
第二十三条 娱乐业的营业额为经营娱乐业向顾客收取的各项费用，包括门票收费、台位费、点歌费、烟酒和饮料收费及经营娱乐业的其他各项收费。
第二十四条 旅游业务，以全部收费减去为旅游者付给其他单位的食、宿和交通费用后的余额为营业额。
旅游企业组织旅客在境内旅游，改由其他旅游企业接团的，其销售额比照条例第五条第（二）项规定确定。
第二十五条 单位将不动产无偿赠与他人，其营业额比照本细则第十五条的规定确定。
第二十六条 条例第六条规定的部分免税项目的范围，限定如下：
（一）第一款第（二）项所称残疾人员个人提供的劳务，是指残疾人员本人为社会提供的劳务。
（二）第一款第（三）项所称医院、诊所、其他医疗机构提供的医疗服务，是指对患者进行诊断、治疗和防疫、接生、计划生育方面的服务，以及与这些服务有关的提供药品、医疗用具、病房住宿和伙食的业务。
（三）第一款第（四）项所称学校及其他教育机构，是指普通学校以及经地、市级以上人民政府或者同级政府的教育行政部门批准成立、国家承认其学员学历的各类学校。
（四）第一款第（五）项所称农业机耕，是指在农业、林业、牧业中使用农业机械进行耕作（包括耕耘、种植、收割、脱粒、植保等）的业务。
排灌，是指对农田进行灌溉或排涝的业务。
病虫害防治，是指从事农业、林业、牧业、渔业的病虫害测报和防治的业务。
农牧保险，是指为种植业、养殖业、牧业种植和饲养的动植物提供保险的业务。
相关技术培训，是指与农业机耕、排灌、病虫害防治、植保业务相关以及为使农民获得农牧保险知识的技术培训业务。
家禽、牲畜、水生动物的配种和疾病防治业务的免税范围，包括与该项劳务有关的提供药品和医疗用具的业务。
（五）第一款第（六）项所称纪念馆、博物馆、文化馆、美术馆、展览馆、书（画）院、图书馆、文物保护单位举办文化活动，是指这些单位在自己的场所举办的属于文化体育业税目征税范围的文化活动。其售票收入，是指销售第一道门票的收入。
宗教场所举办文化、宗教活动的售票收入，是指寺庙、宫观、清真寺和教堂举办文化、宗教活动销售门票的收入。
第二十七条 条例第十七条所称营业税起征点的适用范围限于个人。
营业税起征点的幅度规定如下：
按期纳税的起征点为月营业额200—800元；
按次纳税的起征点为每次（日）营业额50元；
纳税人营业额达到起征点的，应按营业额全额计算应纳税额。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府所属税务机关应在规定的幅度内，根据实际情况确定本地区适用的起征点，并报国家税务总局备案。
第二十八条 纳税人转让土地使用权或者销售不动产，采用预收款方式的，其纳税义务发生时间为收到预收款的当天。
纳税人有本细则第四条所称自建行为的，其自建行为的纳税义务发生时间，为其销售自建建筑物并收讫营业额或者取得索取营业额的凭据的当天。
纳税人将不动产无偿赠与他人，其纳税义务发生时间为不动产所有权转移的当天。
第二十九条 条例第十一条所称其他扣缴义务人规定如下：
（一）境外单位或者个人在境内发生应税行为而在境内未设有经营机构的，其应纳税款以代理者为扣缴义务人；没有代理者的，以受让者或者购买者为扣缴义务人。
（二）单位或者个人进行演出由他人售票的，其应纳税款以售票者为扣缴义务人。
（三）演出经纪人为个人的，其办理演出业务的应纳税款以售票者为扣缴义务人。
（四）分保险业务，以初保人为扣缴义务人。
（五）个人转让条例第十二条第（二）项所称其他无形资产的，其应纳税款以受让者为扣缴义务人。
第三十条 纳税人提供的应税劳务发生在外县（市），应向劳务发生地主管税务机关申报纳税而未申报纳税的，由其机构所在地或者居住地主管税务机关补征税款。
第三十一条 纳税人承包的工程跨省、自治区、直辖市的，向其机构所在地主管税务机关申报纳税。
第三十二条 纳税人在本省、自治区、直辖市范围内发生应税行为，其纳税地点需要调整的，由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府所属税务机关确定。
第三十三条 金融业（不包括典当业）的纳税期限为一个季度。
保险业的纳税期限为一个月。
第三十四条 本细则所称“以上”、“以下”，均含本数或本级。
第三十五条 本细则由财政部解释，或者由国家税务总局解释。
第三十六条 本细则从条例施行之日起实施。1984年9月28日财政部颁发的《中华人民共和国营业税条例（草案）实施细则》同时废止。

DETAILED RULE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONAL REGULATIONOF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON BUSINESS TAX

(Ministry of Finance: 25 December 1993)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the
stipulations of Article 16 of Republic of China on Business Tax> (hereinafter referred to as the
'Regulations').
Article 2
"Taxable services" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations
refers to services within the scope of taxable items in the communications
and transportation, construction, finance and insurance, posts and
telecommunications, culture and sports, entertainment and service
industries.
Processing, repair and replacement are not taxable services as
mentioned in the Regulations (hereinafter referred to as 'non- taxable
services').
Article 3
"The foreign exchange, marketable securities and futures buying and
selling business" as mentioned in Item 5 of Article 5 of the Regulations
refers to the foreign exchange, marketable securities and futures buying
and selling business carried on by financial institutions (including banks
and non-bank financial institutions). The buying and selling of foreign
exchange, marketable securities or futures by non-financial institutions
or individuals shall not be subject to Business Tax.
"Futures" as mentioned in Item 5 of Article 5 of the Regulations
refer to non-commodities futures. Futures on commodities shall not be
subject to Business Tax.
Article 4
"Provision of taxable services, transfer of intangible assets or the
sale of immovable properties" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations
refers to activities of providing taxable services, transferring
intangible assets or ownership of immovable properties with consideration
(hereinafter referred to as the 'taxable activities'). However, taxable
services provided by the staff employed by units or individual operators
to their own units or employers shall not be included therein.
The term "with consideration" in the preceding paragraph includes
receipt of currency, goods and other economic benefits.
For units or individuals that sell their newly self- constructed
buildings (hereinafter referred to as 'self- construction'), their
self-construction activities shall be regarded as provision of taxable
services.
Transfers of limited property rights, or permanent rights, to use
immovable properties, and transfers by units of immovable properties by
way of gifts to others shall be regarded as sales of immovable properties.
Article 5
A sales activity that involves both taxable services and goods is
deemed to be a mixed sales activity. Mixed sales activities of
enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators engaged in
production, wholesale or retail of goods shall be classified as sales of
goods, and Business Tax shall not be levied on the sales; mixed sales
activities of other units and individuals shall be classified as provision
of taxable services, and Business Tax shall be levied on the sales.
Whether taxpayers' sales activities are mixed sales activities shall
be determined by the collection authorities under the State Administration
of Taxation.
"Goods" as mentioned in Paragraph 1 refers to tangible moveable
goods, including electricity, heat and gas.
"Enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators
engaged in the production, wholesale and retail of goods" as mentioned in
Paragraph 1 include enterprises, units with an enterprise nature and
individual business operators engaged principally in the production,
wholesale and retail of goods, and also engaged in taxable services.
Article 6
For taxpayers engaged in both taxable services and the sales of goods
or non-taxable services, the sales amount of taxable services and the
sales amount of goods or non-taxable services shall be accounted for
separately. For taxpayers that have not accounted for separately or cannot
account for accurately, the taxable services and goods and non-taxable
services shall together be subject to Value Added Tax, and Business Tax
shall not be levied.
Whether the taxable services engaged concurrently by taxpayers are
together subject to Value Added Tax, this tax shall be determined by the
collection authorities under the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 7
Except as otherwise stipulated in Article 8 of these Detailed Rules,
any one of the following activities shall be regarded as provision of
taxable services, transfer of intangible assets or sale of immovable
properties within the territory of the People's Republic of China
(hereinafter referred to as 'within the territory') as mentioned in
Article 1 of the Regulations:
(1) Provision of services occurs within the territory;
(2) Transportation from within the territory of passengers or cargos
to outside the territory;
(3) Organization of tourist groups within the territory to travel
outside the territory;
(4) Transfer of intangible assets to be used within the territory.
(5) Sales of immovable properties located within the territory
Article 8
Any one of the following situations shall be providing insurance
services within the territory:
(1) Insurance services provided by insurance organizations within the
territory, except for insurance provided for export goods by insurance
organizations within the territory.
(2) Insurance services provided by insurance organizations outside
the territory in relation to goods within the territory.
Article 9
"Units" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
State-owned enterprises, collectively owned enterprises, private
enterprises, joint stock enterprises, other enterprises and administrative
units, institutions, military units, social groups and other units.
"Individuals" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
individual industrial or commercial households and other individuals that
have business activities.
Article 10
For enterprises which lease or contract to other to operate, the
lessees or sub-contractors shall be the taxpayer.
Article 11
Except otherwise stipulated in Article 12 of these Detailed Rules,
units that are liable to Business Tax shall be those that have taxable
activities and receive money, goods or other economic benefits from the
other parties. They shall include units both with and without independent
accounting.
Article 12
The taxpayer for the business of central railway transportation shall
be the Ministry of Railways. The taxpayers for the business of
Sino-foreign equity joint venture railway transportation shall be the
joint venture railway companies. The taxpayers for the business of local
railway transportation shall be the local organization for railway
administration. The taxpayers for the business of provisional
administration for infrastructural route transportation shall be the
organization for provisional administration for infrastructural routes.
Units engaged in the business of waterway, air, pipeline and other
land transportation liable to Business Tax shall be those units engaged in
transportation business and accountable for profit or loss.
Article 13
Charges of legislative, judicial and administrative authorities that
meet the following conditions shall not be subject to Business Tax;
(1) Charges which are permitted under official documents by the State
Council, provincial People's governments, or the finance or pricing
departments thereunder, and where the charging standard is in accordance
with the stipulations of the documents.
(2) Charges which are collected directly by the legislative, judicial
and administrative authorities themselves.
Article 14
"Other charges" as mentioned in Article 5 of the Regulations shall
include handing fees, funds, fund raising fees, receipts on behalf,
payment on behalf and other charges of every nature received from other
parties.
All other charges shall be included in the turnover in computing the
tax payable regardless of the treatments applicable according to the
stipulations of the accounting policies.
Article 15
Where the prices of the taxpayers providing taxable services,
transferring intangible assets or selling immovable properties are
obviously low and without proper justification, the competent tax
authorities shall have the right to determine the turnover according to
the following sequence:
(1) Determined according to the average prices of similar services
provided or similar immovable properties sold by the taxpayers in the same
month.
(2) Determined according to the average prices of similar services
provided or similar immovable properties sold by the taxpayers in the most
recent period.
(3) Determined according to the following formula:
Assessable Operating (1 + the cost plus margin rate)
value = costs or X -------------------------------
Project costs (1 - Business Tax rate)
The cost-plus margin rate in the above formula shall be determined by
the tax authorities under the People's governments of the provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities.
Article 16
In accordance with the stipulations of Article 4 of the Regulations,
taxpayers settling the turnover in foreign currencies can select to
convert the turnover into Renminbi according to the exchange rate quoted
by the State of either the date the turnover occurs or on the first date
of the month (the average rate in principle). However, the Renminbi
conversion rate for the turnover of financial and insurance enterprises
shall be the exchange rate ascertained in the prior year's financial
statements.
Taxpayers shall decide in advance the conversion rate selected. Once
selected, it cannot be changed within one year.
Article 17
Turnover of transportation enterprises engaged in through transport
business shall be the turnover actually received.
"Other situations" as mentioned in Item 6 of Article 5 of the
Regulations include tourist enterprises organising tourist groups to
travel within the territory of China. The turnover shall be the balance
of tourist fees received after deduction of room charges, meal charges,
transportation, admission fees and other charges paid to other units on
behalf of the tourists.
Article 18
For taxpayers engaged in construction, repair and decoration project
operations, their turnover shall include the prices of raw materials,
other materials and energy used in the projects irrespective of the method
in which the accounts are settled with the other parties.
For taxpayers engaged in installation project operations, as far as
the price of the equipment installed is taken as part of installation
project sum, their turnover shall include the price of the equipment.
Article 19
The turnover of self-construction activities as mentioned in Article
4 of these Detailed Rules shall be determined with reference to the
stipulations of Article 15 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 20
"Re-lending business" as mentioned in Item (4) of Article 5 of the
Regulations refers to the business of lending to others the funds
borrowed. Lending to others with the funds from deposits taken from units
or individuals and the funds from lender's own capital contributions shall
not be regarded as relenting business.
Article 21
For insurance business that reinsures with other parties, the
turnover of the initial insurance business shall be the total insurance
premiums after deduction of the premiums paid to the reinsurers.
Article 22
For entertainment performances by units or individuals, the turnover
shall be the total box-office proceeds or block-booking proceeds after
deduction of the payments to units providing performance venues,
entertainment companies and managers.
Article 23
Turnover of the entertainment business shall be the various charges
collected from customers in the entertainment business operations,
including box-office receipts, on-stage fees, song dedication fees,
charges on cigarettes and drinks, and other charges in the entertainment
business operations.
Article 24
For travel business, the turnover shall be the balance of total
charges after deduction of payments to other units for meals, lodging and
transportation for the tourists.
For travel enterprises that organise tours within the territory and
then hand over the groups to other travel enterprises, the turnover shall
be determined with reference to the stipulations of Item 2 of Article 5 of
the Regulations.
Article 25
For units giving immovable properties to others as free gift, the
turnover shall be determined with reference to the stipulations of Article
15 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 26
The scope of the tax-exempt items as stipulated in Article 6 of the
Regulations shall be defined as follows:
(1) "Personal services provided on individual basis by the disabled"
as mentioned in Paragraph 1, Item 2 refers to services provided to the
Public by the disabled individual.
(2) "Medical services provided by hospitals, clinics and other
medical institutions" as mentioned in Paragraph 1, Item 3 refers to such
services as diagnosis and treatment to patients, epidemic prevention,
child delivery and family planning, as well as the business of providing
medicine, medical apparatus, hospital lodging and meals in relation to
these services.
(3) "Schools and other educational institutions" as mentioned in
Paragraph 1, Item 4 refers to ordinary schools and schools of various
kinds approved to be established by the People's governments above the
prefecture and city levels or departments for educational administration
under governments of the same level and where the academic qualifications
of their students are recognized by the State.
(4) "Agricultural mechanical ploughing" as mentioned in Paragraph 1,
Item 5 refers to the business of farming operations applying agricultural
machinery in farming, forestry and husbandry (including ploughing,
planting, harvesting, threshing and plant protection).
"Irrigation and drainage" refers to the business of irrigation and
drainage of farmland.
"Prevention and treatment of diseases and insect pests" refers to the
business of forecast, prevention and treatment of diseases and insect
pests for farming, forestry, husbandry and fishery.
"Insurance for farming and husbandry" refers to the business of
providing insurance to animals and plants grown and raised in planting,
breeding and husbandry.
"Related technical training" refers to technical training services
related to the business of agricultural mechanical ploughing, irrigation
and drainage, prevention and treatment of diseases and insect pests, and
plant protection, as well as services to enable the farmers to obtain
knowledge of insurance for farming and husbandry.
The scope of the tax exemption for the breeding and the prevention
and treatment of diseases of poultry, livestock and aquatic animals
includes the business of providing medicine and medical apparatus in
relation to those services.
(5) "Cultural activities conducted by memorial hall, museum, cultural
centre, art gallery, exhibition hall, academy of painting and calligraphy,
library and cultural protective units" as mentioned in Paragraph 1, Item 6
refers to cultural activities that fall within the taxable scope of
taxable items under culture and sports activities conducted by those units
in their own locations. The admission fees refers to the box-office
receipts on the sales at the first entrance.
"Admission fees for cultural and religious activities conducted at
places of religious worship" refers to cultural and religious activities
held by temples, Taoist temples, mosques and churches.
Article 27
The application of the Business Tax minimum threshold as mentioned in
Article 8 of the Regulations shall be limited to individuals.
Ranges for the Business Tax minimum threshold are as follows:
For those assessable on a period basis, the Business Tax minimum
threshold shall be a monthly turnover of 200-800 yuan.
For those assessable on a transaction basis, the Business Tax minimum
threshold shall be turnover of 50 yuan per transaction (or per day).
Taxpayers whose turnovers reach the minimum threshold shall compute
the tax payable based on the total turnover.
The tax authorities under the People's governments of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities shall determine the minimum
threshold locally applicable within the prescribed ranges and in
accordance with the actual conditions, and shall report the amounts to the
State Administration of Taxation for their records.
Article 28
For taxpayers transferring land use rights or selling immovable
properties that accept receipts in advance, the timing at which the tax
liability arises shall be the date on which the advance receipts are
received.
For taxpayers that have self-construction activities as mentioned in
Article 4 of these Detailed Rules, the timing at which the tax liability
arises on the self-construction activities shall be the date on which the
self-constructed buildings are sold and the turnovers are received or the
documented evidence of the right to collect the sales sum is obtained.
For taxpayer giving immovable properties to others as free gift, the
timing at which the tax liability arises shall be the date on which the
titles of the immovable properties are transferred.
Article 29
Other withholding agents as mentioned in Article 11 of the
Regulations are defined as follows:
(1) For overseas units or individuals that have taxable activities
within the territory but have not set up any establishment within the
territory, the agents shall be the withholding agents for their tax
payable. If there are no agents, the transferees and the purchasers shall
be the withholding agents.
(2) For units or individuals that present performances where the
tickets are sold by others, the ticket sellers shall be the withholding
agents for their tax payable.
(3) For individual performance managers, the ticket sellers shall be
the withholding agents on their tax payable on the performance management
business.
(4) For reinsurance business, the initial insurers shall be the
withholding agents.
(5) For individuals transferring other intangible assets as mentioned
in Item 2, Article 12 of the Regulations, the transferees shall be the
withholding agents for their tax payable.
Article 30
For taxpayers providing taxable services that take place in a
different county (or city) that should report and pay tax with the
competent tax authorities where the services taken place but have not
reported or paid the tax, the competent tax authorities where the
establishments are located or where the individuals reside shall collect
the overdue tax.
Article 31
Taxpayers with contracted projects extending across provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities shall report and pay tax to the
competent tax authorities where the establishments are located.
Article 32
For taxpayers that have taxable activities within the area of their
own province, autonomous region and municipality, and need to change the
tax payment location, the location shall be determined by tax authorities
under the People's governments of the province, autonomous region or
municipality.
Article 33
The assessable period for the financial industry (excluding
pawn-broking) shall be one quarter of a year.
The assessable period for the insurance industry shall be one month.
Article 34
The terms "above" and "below" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules
also include the figure or level itself.
Article 35
These Detailed Rules shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Finance
or by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 36
These Detailed Rules shall be implemented on the same day the
Regulations are come into effect. The the Implementation of the Draft Regulations of the People's Republic of
China on Business Tax> promulgated on September 28, 1984 shall be repealed
on the same date.


浅析法人合伙在司法实践中存在的问题

白静浦


　　所谓法人合伙，是指两个或两人以上的法人之间根据合伙合同的约定而设立的，共同出资，共同经营，共享利益共担债务，不具有法人资格的经济联合组织。我国法律对法人合伙问题并无直接规定，但是，为了推动和规范各种经济联合的发展，我国曾出台了一系列有关法律、法规和政策。但是，实践中出现的问题也是多样复杂的。
　　法人合伙一直是存有争议的问题，我国学者对这一问题总体上有禁止主义和许可主义两种主张。《民法通则》第52条规定了法人之间的合伙型联营，据此，应当说我法律是允许法人合伙的，《民法通则》的颁布实施后，我国对法人能否成为合伙成员的问题意见基本趋于一致，绝大数人认为法人可以成为合伙成员，《公司法》实施后，由于《公司法》对公司转投资问题作出了限制性规定，于是法人能否成为合伙又引起了广泛的争议，与此同时，事业机关法人能否参加合伙也成了争论的焦点，反对法人参加合伙的学者认为：
　　首先，允许法人成为合伙人，不利于保护股东和债权人的利益。同时有两个问题无法解决，一是《公司法》对公司的转投资作了不得超过总资本50%的限制，如果公司成为合伙人，可能突破这一限制；二是如果事业法人成为合伙人，在实践中存在许多难以具体操作 的困难。其次，合伙人对于企业债务需承担无限清偿责任，如果是负有限责任的企业（如有限责任公司）参加合伙或者无限公司或独资企业，则发生本来负有限责任的 企业在负无限责任的问题，这些企业不能保证履行无限清偿责任，他们缺乏负无限责任的能力， 而且，法人加入合伙，意味着法人财产的转投资，这一方面造成法人财产的不稳定状态，影响法人对债务的清偿能力，使法人的债权人难以得到可靠的财产保障；另一方面又对股东利益构成潜在威胁，因为股东的同一投资将为公司的经营活动和合伙的经营活动承担双重风险，这会导致公司股东承担无限连带责任。最后，由于法制不健全，我国国有企业及其他企业法人国有产流失严重，允许法人参加合伙，这就意味着允许法人与个人合伙经营，这样做，一则会加快国有资产严重流失，二则可能因合伙而使法人母体受制。作者认为，法人完全可以成为合伙企业的成员。
　　第一、法人具有独立的民事主体资格 ，故有权独立决定自己的生产经营活动，包括根据生产经营需要处分、使用自己的财产。对外转投资是法人生产经营活动重要组成部分 ，法人参加合伙，是法人基于自己的意志和利益，以所有者或经营者的身份使用、处分自己的财产的民事法律行为，既然确认法人的独立民事主体地位，就应当承认法人处分自己财产的权利能力，就应当允许法人基于自身的需要选择不同的投资方式组成不同的市场主体，这也是企业经营权内在要求的外在体现。法人投资设立公司和设立合伙本质并无实质差别，《公司法》允许公司通过转投资设立公司，那么同样也允许公司通过转投资加入合伙。法人（公司）以其拥有的独立财产加入合伙，形成共有关系，法人在合伙财产中的应有份额仍是法人财产的组成部分，法人本身财产并未因其加入合伙而减少。当然，公司加入合伙，要受《公司法》有关转投资数额的限制，但是这种转投资量上的限制不能改变公司加入合伙的质的规定性。
　　第二、公司加入合伙，以其全部财产对合伙债务承担无限责任，这与公司应承担的有限责任并不矛盾。这里，我们首先应当弄清有限责任和无限责任的确切含义。长期以来，人们形成了一种普遍的观念：“合伙的责任是无限的，公司的责任是有限的”，其实，这种观念并不准确。法人责任制度中的有限责任和无限责任，是特指企业成员对企业债务承担财产责任范围的有限与无限，而非指企业本身的责任。任何企业或者其他组织对其自身的债务，都应尽其所有承担全部责任，不存在责任的有限与无限问题，责任的有限与无限，只能是企业成员责任的有限与无限，企业成员承担企业债务的根据在于其作为企业成员的法律地位，而限定企业成员责任范围的理由在于债务并非企业成员个人的债务，而是企业的债务，企业成员的财产无非分为出资于企业的财产和企业成员个人的财产，责任有限与无限的分界线正在于企业成员的出资，以出资额为限即为有限责任，超越出资额的即为无限责任。[8](P74)公司加入合伙，它就不仅以其对合伙的出资为限承担责任，而是以其所拥有的全部公司财产承担责任，这对公司债务清偿责任并没有影响，因为公司作为合伙人用来承担合伙债务的财产和公司的全部财产在总量上是完全相等的，易言之，公司加入合伙所负的财产责任同公司不加入合伙而直接从事经营活动所承担的财产责任在数量上是完全一致的，根本不会危及股东的利益，股东更不会因公司加入合伙而承担无限责任，因为法人（公司）与法人成员（公司股东）双方对外并没有权利义务的牵涉，他们是彼此独立的两个主体，股东认缴出资后，便失去了对出资的所有权而只享有股权，该出资成为公司独立财产，由公司支配，股东只享有到期收取利润 的权利，即使公司破产，股东也仅以出资为限承担有限责任。公司加入合伙以后，须承担无限连带责任的规定表明公司不仅以出资，而且以公司所有或经营的全部财产作为清偿债务的保证，但公司的债务清偿责在任何情况下都不会转化为公司成员的责任，法人加入合伙只会以法人所拥有的全部财产负无限清偿责任，不会涉及到公司成员出资额以外的财产，所以，不能得出公司加入合伙后，公司股东由承担有限责任变为承担无限责任的结论。
　　第三，有的学者认为法人加入合伙会使法人母体受到限制，因而主张禁止法人合伙，我们认为，一个公司参加任何形式的企业联合都会削弱该公司董事会对公司的控制能力，只不过程度不同而已，这并不能成为禁止法人加入合伙的正当理由，因为公司如果担心其加入合伙会因此削弱其董事会对公司的控制能力，那么它完全可以根据自己的意志自由决定不加入合伙，恰恰相反，一公司加入合伙，正是其根据自己的意志和利益而作出选择的结果。如果以此作为禁止法人加入合伙的正当理由，那么就不会存在任何形式的企业联合。
　　第四，许多学者担心，允许法人与个人组成合伙，如果法人的厂长、经理与个人合伙人通谋，转移国有资产，会导致国有资产流失，因此主张禁止法人合伙。应当说，这种担心有一定的道理，但并不能成为禁止法人参加合伙的根据。法人与个人组成合伙后，全部出资财产形成了共同共有关系，这种共同共有关系决定了合伙人在合伙企业进行财产清算以前无权请求分割合伙财产，非经其他合伙人一致同意，合伙人也不能转让、处分合伙财产。合伙财产在合伙关系存续期的这种稳定性，有效地防止了国有资产的流失，而且，为了有效地防止国有资产流失我国应当通过国有资产立法来规范、调整国有企业与公民组成合伙的问题。
　　第五，至于禁止事业法人成为合伙人，有学者认为，事业法人成为经营性的合伙人，是与其目的是相违背的，但有学者亦认为，无论是事业法人还是企业法人都是平等的民事主体，在进入与退出市场方面都享有平等的权利，事业法人完全可以同企业法人一样进入市场参与交换和分配，并独立承担民事责任。参加合伙是事业法人行使自己的民事权利，如果限制其成为合伙人，终将人为地制造各种主体地位的不平等，从社会生活的实践看，事业法人组成合伙的事例，屡见不鲜，最为典型的就是科工贸一条龙开发、研制新产品的产业形式，高校、科研机构利用自己开发掌握的高新科学技术同拥有雄厚资金的企业组成合伙，高校、科研机构负责提供高新技术和新产品的开发、研制，企业提供开发、研制新产品所需的资金并负责新产品的销售，双方各取所长，盈亏共担，这种优势互补的合作方式不仅充分实现了资源的最优配置，而且也是科学技术转化为现实生产力的最有效的途径。这种形式的合伙在社会经济领域发挥着积极的作用，因此，禁止事业法人合伙，在实践中也是无益的。作者认为允许事业法人成为合伙人就我国目前现状而言似更有益。