Hong Kong


MERCHANT SHIPPING (REGISTRATION) ORDINANCE
　(CHAPTER 415)
　ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
　　
　　ion.
　　
　　I　　　　PRELIMINARY
　　hort title
　　nterpretation
　　pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
　　
　　II　　　 ADMINISTRATION
　　egistrar of Ships
　　nstructions
　　rotection of public officers
　　
　　III　　　THE REGISTER
　　egister of ships
　　nspection, etc. of register
　　ectification of register
　　Correction of clerical errors in register
　　
　　IV　　　 REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
　　
　　strable ships and interests
　　Registrable ships
　　Registration of property in ships
　　
　　urement and identification of ships
　　Tonnage regulations
　　Tonnage and description of ships
　　Tonnage of ships registered, etc. outside Hong Kong
　　Ship names regulations
　　Rules as to ship names
　　Marking of ship
　　
　　stration procedures
　　Application for registration
　　Declarations by and on behalf of owners and demise charterers
　　Evidence on first registration
　　Refusal of registration
　　Entry of particulars in the register
　　Certificate of registry
　　Retention of documents
　　Port of registry
　　
　　isional registration
　　Application for provisional registration
　　Entry of particulars in the register on provisional registration
　　Period of provisional registration
　　Certificate of provisional registration
　　Retention of documents on provisional registration
　　Application of Ordinance in relation to ships provisionally
registered
　　
　　etc. of certificates and flags
　　Custody of certificate
　　Use of improper certificate
　　Replacement of lost, etc. certificate
　　Application of preceding sections to certificate of provisional
　　registry
　　Proper colours
　　
　　V　　　　TRANSFERS AND TRANSMISSIONS
　　Application and interpretation of Part V
　　Transfer of ships
　　Declaration of transfer
　　Registration of transfer
　　Transmission of ship by operation of law
　　
　　VI　　　 MORTGAGES
　　Definitions in Part VI
　　Mortgage of ship
　　Priority of mortgages, etc.
　　Mortgagee not treated as owner
　　Mortgagee to have power of disposal
　　Transfer of mortgage
　　Transmission of mortgage by operation of law
　　Discharge of mortgage
　　Power of disposal by owner
　　Trusts not recognized
　　Equities not excluded
　　
　　VII　　　CLOSURE OF REGISTRATION
　　
　　es of owners, etc. in relation to registrability of ships
　　Notice of change of address, etc. of owner
　　Notice of dissolution, etc. of body corporate owner or charterer
　　Notice of termination of demise charter
　　Notice of loss, transfer, etc. of ship
　　Delivery of foreign certificate of deletion
　　
　　ure of registration
　　Owner seeking closure of registration
　　Closure on receipt of notice concerning registrability
　　Closure on failure to comply with requirements of Ordinance
　　Closure on failure to pay fees or charges
　　Closure on failure of representative person to act, etc.
　　Closure by direction generally
　　Issue of certificate of deletion
　　Delivery of certificate of registry on closure
　　Register entries relating to mortgages
　　
　　VIII　　 REPRESENTATIVE PERSONS
　　Representative person
　　Notice of change of business by representative person
　　Notice of intention to cease acting
　　Duties, etc. of representative person
　　Notice to replace representative person
　　
　　IX　　　 GOVERNMENT SHIPS
　　Meaning of "Government ship"
　　Registrability of Government ships
　　Application for registration of Government ship
　　Entry of particulars of Government ship in the register
　　Certificate of registry of Government ship
　　Retention of documents relating to Government ship
　　Transfer of registered Government ship
　　Application of Ordinance to Government ships
　　
　　X　　　　MISCELLANEOUS
　　Alterations to ships
　　Registration a new
　　Grant of new certificate of registry
　　Mode of making declarations
　　Power of Registrar to dispense with declarations, etc.
　　False declarations or information
　　Documents, copies and admissibility in evidence
　　Service of documents
　　Taking detained ship to sea
　　Fees and charges regulations
　　References to ship registered in Hong Kong
　　Amendment of Schedules
　　Time limit for criminal proceedings
　　
　　XI　　　 TRANSITIONAL SHIPS
　　Interpretation of Part XI
　　Ships registered under the Act
　　Ships not yet registered under the Act
　　Entry of particulars in respect of transitional ships
　　Certificate of registry for transitional ships
　　Retention of documents for transitional ships
　　Return of certificates issued under the Act
　　Transitional ship ceasing to be registrable
　　Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
　　
　　XII　　　CONSEQUENTIAL AND SAVINGS PROVISIONS
　　Application of Merchant Shipping Acts
　　Savings, amendments and repeals
　　
　　dule 1. Proper colours of a registered ship
　　dule 2. Specified Ordinances
　　dule 3. Application of Ordinance to Government ships
　　dule 4. Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
　　dule 5. Amendments and repeals
　　
　　rdinance to provide for the registration of ships in Hong Kong
and for
　　ted matters.
　　ecember 1990] L. N. 366 of 1990
　PART I PRELIMINARY
　　
　　hort title
　　Ordinance may　be　cited　as　the　Merchant　Shipping　
(Registration)
　　nance.
　　
　　nterpretation
　　In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires-
　　horized surveyor" means a surveyor appointed by a Certifying
Authority
　　rred to in section 13 for the purposes of the tonnage regulations;
　　lder's certificate" in relation to a ship, means a certificate　
signed
　　he builder of the ship and containing a true account of-
　　the proper denomination and tonnage of the ship, as estimated by
him;
　　the date when and place where the ship was built; and
　　the name of the person on whose account the ship was built;
　　tificate of deletion" means a certificate　of　deletion　issued　
under
　　ion 65; "certificate of provisional registry" means a　
certificate　of
　　isional registry granted under section 30 and　a　new　
certificate　of
　　isional registry granted under section 35;
　　tificate of registry" means a certificate of　registry　granted　
under
　　ion 24, 77 or 98 and a　new　certificate　of　registry　granted　
under
　　ion 35 or 83; "certificate of survey" means a certificate　
granted　by
　　uthorized surveyor under section 14;
　　tificate or declaration of marking", in relation to a ship, means-
　　a certificate signed by an authorized surveyor; or
　　a declaration made in Hong Kong by one or more of the owners or
by the
　　se charterer of the ship,
　　ifying or declaring, as the case may be, that the ship's name and
port
　　egistry have been marked as directed by the Registrar;
　　mencement date" means the date appointed by the Governor under
section
　　) for the coming into operation of this Ordinance;
　　ise charter" means a charter party by which a ship is chartered
or let
　　emise and under which the demise charterer has the possession　of　
the
　　and has sole control of all matters relating to　the　navigation　
and
　　ation of the ship including employment of the master and crew;
"demise
　　terer" means the charterer of a ship under a demise　charter,　
and　in
　　tion to a registered or provisionally registered ship means　a　
person
　　stered as demise charterer under this Ordinance;
　　ector" means the Director of Marine;
　　eign certificate　of　deletion",　in　relation　to　a　ship,　
means　a
　　ificate or other document issued by the relevant authority of a　
place
　　ide Hong Kong and certifying or stating, as the case may　be,　to　
the
　　ct that the ship has been deleted from the register of ships　in　
that
　　e;
　　ernment" means the Government of Hong Kong;
　　ntity card", in relation to any person, means an identity card　
issued
　　hat person under the Registration of Persons Ordinance (Cap.
177);
　　tructions" means administrative instructions issued　by　the　
Director
　　r section 5; "lodged" means delivered to and accepted by the
Registrar
　　ccordance with this Ordinance;
　　ter" includes every person (except a pilot) having command　or　
charge
　　ny ship;
　　er", in relation to a registered　or　provisionally　registered　
ship,
　　s a person registered as owner under　this　Ordinance;　
"provisionally
　　stered", in relation to a ship, means provisionally　registered　
under
　　ion 28;
　　
　　lified person" has the meaning assigned to it by section 11 (4);
　　ister" means the register of ships kept under section 7;
　　istered",　in　relation　to　a　ship,　means　registered　
under　 this
　　nance;
　　istrable", in relation to a ship, means able to　be　registered　
under
　　Ordinance;
　　Registrar" means any person appointed as a Registrar of　Ships　
under
　　ion 4 (1) and, where the term is used in connection with　a　power　
or
　　tion for the time being exercised by the Director pursuant to　
section
　　), includes the Director;
　　resentative person", in relation to a ship, means　the　
representative
　　on for the time being appointed in relation to the ship under　
section
　　
　　p" means, subject to section 3, every description of vessel
capable of
　　gating in water not propelled by oars, and includes any ship, boat　
or
　　t and an air-cushion vehicle or similar craft used wholly or
partly in
　　gation in water; "tonnage regulations" means　regulations　as　
to　the
　　age of ships made under section 13.
　　Where in relation to a ship or to any matter connected with a ship
any
　　ision of this Ordinance-
　　imposes a duty or liability on either of the owner or demise
charterer
　　he ship; or
　　provides for the service of notice on either of the　owner　or　
demise
　　terer of the ship, the provision shall be construed　as　imposing　
the
　　or liability or providing for the service of notice-
　　in the case of a ship registered or to　be　registered　by　
virtue　of
　　ion 11 (1) (a), on the owner; or
　　in the case of a ship registered or to be　registered　by　virtue　
of
　　ion 11　(1)　(b),　on　the　demise　charterer,　but　nothing　
in　this
　　ection shall prejudice or affect the operation of that provision
in so
　　as it imposes the duty or liability, or provides for　the　
service　of
　　ce, as the case may be, on any person other than the owner　or　
demise
　　terer.
　　pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
　　Director may by notice published in the Gazette provide that　a　
thing
　　gned or adapted for use at sea and described in the notice　is　
or　is
　　to be treated as a ship for the　purpose　of　any　provision　of　
this
　　nance specified in the notice, and any such notice may-
　　make different provision in relation to different occasions; and
　　if it provides that a thing is to be treated as a ship for the
purpose
　　provision specified in the notice, provide that the　provision　
shall
　　effect in relation to the craft with such　modifications　as　
are　so
　　ified.
　PART II ADMINISTRATION
　　
　　egistrar of Ships
　　The Director shall in writing appoint one or more public　
officers　to
　　egistrars of Ships.
　　The Registrar shall have such powers,　functions　and　duties　
as　are
　　erred or imposed upon him by this Ordinance or any other law.
　　Without prejudice to subsection (2), the Director shall have　and　
may
　　cise the powers and functions of the Registrar　referred　to　in　
that
　　ection.
　　nstructions
　　The Director may issue to the Registrar and to other　public　
officers
　　administrative instructions not inconsistent with this　
Ordinance　as
　　appear to him to be necessary or expedient for the better carrying
out
　　he provisions of this Ordinance.
　　The Director shall publish such instructions in such manner as
he sees
　　
　　Where in this Ordinance there is reference　to　a　specified　
form　or
　　er-
　　that form or manner may be specified by the Director in　
instructions;
　　
　　if the instructions so provide, deviations from the specified
form　or
　　er not affecting the substance thereof shall not invalidate that　
form
　　anner.
　　The Registrar and any other　public　officer　shall　comply　
with　any
　　ructions issued to him.
　　rotection of public officers
　　No public officer shall be personally liable for any damage,
injury or
　　suffered or incurred by any person as a result of　any　act　done　
or
　　sion made by the public officer in　good　faith　in　the　
exercise　or
　　ormance or purported exercise or performance of any power,
function or
　　under this Ordinance.
　　The protection conferred on　public　officers　by　subsection　
(1)　in
　　ect of any act or omission shall not in any way affect　any　
liability
　　he Crown in tort for that act or omission.
　PART III THE REGISTER
　　
　　egister of ships
　　The　Registrar　shall　keep　a　register　of　ships　
registered　 or
　　isionally registered under this Ordinance.
　　The register shall contain　such　particulars　in　respect　of　
ships,
　　rs　and　their　respective　interests　in　ships,　demise　
charterers,
　　gagees and representative persons as are prescribed.
　　The register may be kept in legible or non-legible form but if
kept in
　　legible form any entry in the　register　shall　be　capable　of　
being
　　oduced in legible form.
　　
　　nspection, etc. of register
　　person may, on payment of the prescribed fee-
　　inspect the register in legible form;
　　require to be furnished with a copy of, or extract from, any entry　
in
　　register in legible form; or
　　require such copy or extract to be certified as a true copy by　
or　on
　　lf of the Registrar.
　　ectification of register
　　Where it appears to any person interested that　there　is　a　
material
　　r in the register, he　may　apply　in　writing　to　the　
Director　for
　　ification of the register.
　　Upon receipt of an application under subsection (1) the Director　
may,
　　n his opinion there is a material error in the register-
　　direct the Registrar to rectify the register; or
　　subject to subsection (3), require the applicant to apply to the　
High
　　t for rectification of the register.
　　Subsection (2) (b) shall not apply in any case where, in　the　
opinion
　　he Director, the material error is due to the negligence or wilful
act
　　mission of the Registrar.
　　Notice of an application to the High　Court　under　this　
section　for
　　ification shall be served by the applicant on　the　Director　
and　the
　　ctor may appear and be heard in the proceedings.
　　The High Court may, in proceedings under this section-
　　make such order as it thinks fit concerning the rectification　of　
the
　　ster; and
　　decide any question that　it　is　necessary　or　expedient　to　
decide
　　erning such rectification.
　　A copy of an order　under　subsection　(5)　shall　be　served　
on　the
　　ctor and the Registrar.
　　The Registrar shall-
　　comply with any direction to rectify the register under
subsection (2)
　　
　　upon receipt of the copy of an order served under subsection (6),　
and
　　he order so requires, rectify the register accordingly.
　　For the purposes of this section-
　　there is a material error in the register if there is an error
of fact
　　ubstance in the register;
　　without limiting the generality of paragraph (a), there is a　
material
　　r in the register if-
　　an entry is omitted from the register;
　　an entry is made in the register without sufficient cause;
　　) an entry wrongly exists in the register; or
　　there is an error or defect in an entry in the register; and
　　the reference in paragraph (b)　(i)　to　an　entry　omitted　
from　the
　　ster shall be read as including　a　reference　to　a　matter　
that　is
　　ired or permitted by this Ordinance to be entered, or　to　remain,　
in
　　register but is not entered in, or is removed from, the register.
　　The jurisdiction of the High Court under this section may be
exercised
　　he Registrar of the Supreme Court or a Master thereof.
　　Correction of clerical errors in register
　　Registrar may correct, or cause to be corrected, any clerical
error or
　　ous mistake in the register.
　PART IV REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
　　
　Registrable ships and interests
　　
　　Registrable ships
　　Subject to this Ordinance, a ship is registrable if-
　　a majority interest in the ship is owned　by　one　or　more　
qualified
　　ons; or
　　the ship is operated under a demise charter by a body corporate　
being
　　alified person (whether or not a majority　interest　in　the　
ship　is
　　d by one or more qualified persons), and a　representative　
person　is
　　inted in relation to the ship.
　　A registered ship ceases to be registrable if-
　　being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1)　(a),　a　
majority
　　rest in the ship ceases to be owned by one or more qualified
persons;
　　being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1) (b)--
　　the ship ceases to be operated　under　a　demise　charter　by　
a　body
　　orate being a qualified person (whether by reason of　the　
termination
　　he demise charter or otherwise);
　　the ship or any share in or　part　of　the　ship　is　
transferred　or
　　smitted; or
　　) the rights of the demise charterer　under　the　demise　
charter　are
　　gned;
　　the ship is taken in war or hostilities, as　a　result　of　which　
the
　　r or demise charterer has lost control over the operation of the
ship;

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如何用专利反制侵权指控

国内某公司基于微软的软件界面开发了一个软件，该软件正是微软准备要组织开发的软件，微软当然不能容忍该公司的成功，从香港给该公司发来律师函，指控该软件构成对微软的商标侵权，理由是该公司的软件界面中含有微软的商标。该公司又不能放弃该界面，如果那样几乎使该软件失去生存的基础，愁眉不展的老总向笔者寻求解决之道。
该公司的老总是清华大学的博士，又是清华的兼职教授，其开发水准当然不是一般。但是辛苦开发出来的软件却面临两难的选择，不使用微软的界面软件就没有生存的意义，使用微软的界面又面临侵权指控。专利技术你中有我，我中有你的情况非常普遍，陷入两难的选择是对国内企业经常遇到的问题。其实这个问题并不难解决，不过不能直接从案件本身去寻求解决，那样唯一的结局就是败诉。跳出案件本身来谈案件的解决，一般的企业总不能接受，所以在提出解决思路之前，笔者先讲了一些故事，其中“戴尔”的故事与这个案例最为相近。戴尔在短短的时间迅速成为全球第一大笔记本电脑的销售商，有其过人的智慧。戴尔主要以销售为主，没有自己的核心技术，以前其每生产一台电脑需要向IBM公司支付4%的专利许可费，以戴尔的低价销售模式，4%将侵占大部分的利润。任何一家企业都会想方设法降低这笔专利费，按我国政府一直倡导的方式，就是一定要有自己专利，但是以戴尔的技术水准，另起炉灶去开发自主专利，那么猴年马月也赶不上IBM。戴尔并没有走这样的传统思路，而是从其他角度开发了4组共计四十多个专利，正是IBM迫切需要的，戴尔利用区区四十几个专利对IBM进行反制，以四两拨千斤之势与这家世界上拥有专利最多的巨型公司达成专利交叉许可协议，戴尔立刻节省了4%的专利费，节省都是利润，以戴尔的销售量这4%一年就多赚几十亿美金。
回到该案件，该技术是微软想开发还没有开发出来的，其技术水准必定是很高的，这样的高技术是可以申请专利的，如果申请专利，并在美国也申请到专利，必将成为微软的一只拦路虎，尽管软件的界面含有微软的商标，但是如果暂时不对外销售该软件就不构成侵权，这时微软自己要着急了，应当会主动提出达成交叉许可协议，这样微软低价获得该软件专利使用许可，该公司也可以名正言顺地使用微软商标，商标侵权案不战自解。并且傍上了微软这个大款，加上软件本身的技术水准，该公司还愁软件没有销量吗？
该公司可以专利反制微软商标侵权指控，当然以专利反制专利侵权指控更没有问题。反制不仅在侵权案件中可以使用，在产品研发过程中同样可以使用。该公司拥有反制微软侵权指控的机会，可以说是撞了大运，是不小心先于微软开发出来其计划开发的软件，如果申请了专利权，将对微软构成极大的威胁，所以该公司是碰巧碰到了反制的机会。反制也当然可以主动出击，如果发现有专利拦路虎，先对对方的专利进行剖析，找到对方专利薄弱环节，利用专利开发策略，针对对方专利开发出相关新专利，对对方专利构成制约，迫使达成交叉许可。这个案例还为我们提供另一种思路，在我国企业普遍科研落后的情况下，想要跳出跨国公司专利的围困，一味的要求自力更生，走自主创新之路，恐难以摆脱被动的局面，跨国公司在关键领域早已跑马圈地，树起专利的铜墙铁壁，强行突破必将是惨重的代价。马奇诺防线那么的坚固，却被德军轻易绕过，因此再完美的防线必有疏漏，我们可以寻求到其他途径，以较低成本实现快速突破。
我国的企业受到知识产权侵权指控时，首先想到的是和对方进行拼杀，但是再优秀的律师也改变不了侵权的事实，尽管拖延了时间最终避免不了侵权的判决，陷入诉讼的泥潭，自己的财力和精力受到很大的损失。无论我们受到知识产权侵权指控还是遭遇知识产权围困，我们需要冷静的头脑和过人的智慧，我们应该用新思维去破解，这种“围魏救赵”的策略就是很好的一种思路。

作者：王律师，中国知识产权研究会高级会员
电话：010-51662214，电邮：51662214@sohu.com，域名：www.51662214.com