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当知识成为财产-《知识产权顾问》序言/王瑜

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当知识成为财产,我们该做什么

美国总统亚伯拉罕•林肯有句经典的名言:“专利是浇在智慧火花上的利益之油”引申这句话,我们完全可以说:“知识产权是浇在智慧火花上的利益之油”

知识产权(Intellectual Property)是基于自己的智力活动创造的成果和经营管理活动中的经验、知识而依法享有的权利。知识产权制度却发源于欧洲。专利法最先问世,英国1623年的《垄断法规》是近代专利保护制度的起点。继英国之后,美国于1790年,法国先后于1803年和1809年颁布了两个《备案商标保护法令》,其中1809年颁布的法令把商标权与其他有形财产同等看待,被认为是最早的商标保护的单行成文法规,世界上第一部成文的著作权法当推英国于1709年颁布的《安娜法》。
  
知识产权制度已经产生了几百年,在我国的产生时间学界有还不同认识,有“二十年说”,和“百年左右说”。“二十年说”从我国实际情况出发,认为现代的知识产权制度产生于20年前。“百年左右说”是从1882年清光绪皇帝批准我国第一件“专利”和第一套专利“法规”算起的,我国第一部专利法的雏形为清光绪皇帝颁布的《振兴工艺给奖章程》,清政府的第一部商标法是英国人于1904年起草的,1910年清政府颁布了我国第一部著作权法《大清著作权律》。学术界对我国知识产权制度产生时间的争论对我们普通民众和企业没有任何实质的意义,事实上尽管知识产权制度在清末就颁布了条文比较完善的法律,其后的国民政府也制订并实施了知识产权制度。但是因为时局的动荡、政权的更迭,这项对我们现在的社会生活真正产生影响的知识产权制度,是在20来年前逐渐才建立起来,而对我国普通民众和普通企业甚至是各地的基层地方政府而言,知识产权制度在他们的意识中却还没有真正建立。
当知识成为财产
知识产权是由“知识的(intellectual)”与“财产(property)”两个词组合构成。当知识成为了财产,也就意味着拥有知识与拥有房子、汽车、土地相同,意味着知识的价值发生了实质性的变化。中国读者非常熟悉的音乐剧《剧院魅影》和《猫》的作者韦伯是版权受益者的典型例子。仅《剧院魅影》至少有三个剧团在英国、美国常年演出,另有一个剧团在全世界巡演。仅在美国一场演出的版税就足以使韦伯成为百万富翁。《哈利•波特》小说作者罗琳几年之内变成富翁,也是由于版税的收入。当这个标志着法学理论取得重大进步的概念出现时,知识已经开始成为国家和企业实力的最重要的象征。拥有知识多的一方就有可能占据市场的优势地位,而少的一方则会千方百计地改变弱势,知识竞争的出现也就会导致利益的冲突。为了保证竞争有序,就需要保护知识产权的法律。一旦知识财产得到保护,就会大大提高知识的价值,激励知识竞争和技术创新。

创造性智力劳动应予以保护,否则就是犯法,在西方发达国家可说是深入人心的观念。当我国政府加大力度保护知识产权时,我们听到更多的是抱怨,认为政府是在屈从外国的压力,认为我们的保护过了头。就此有专家撰文指出在科技领域退回去吃大锅饭,只会使我们永远缺少能与外国企业竞争的核心技术。在文化领域退回去吃大锅饭,只会使我们自己创作的优秀作品越来越少。这种结果并不符合公众的利益。而靠吃作者及吃消费者自肥的侵权者,虽然号召人们回到过去的大锅饭时代,但他们自己肯定不会加入吃大锅饭的行列,却依旧扛着“代表公众”的旗,走着侵权致富的路。
当知识产权成为一种商业手段
  2004年8月底,发生在德国的一起中国产品在德国被销毁案,是“欧盟关于海关打击涉嫌侵权产品及其措施的法令”生效后的第一起严重损害中国产品国际声誉的知识产权案件。

中国驰名商标“海信”在德国遭到博世—西门子公司抢注。东林电子是一家知名节能灯具制造商,一直使用的中英文“萤火虫 (Firefly)”商标,被西门子旗下公司欧司朗抢注当我们的著名企业正豪言国际化时,却发现自己的产品无法进入国际市场,他们的商标已经被抢注。当我们DVD制造业为占到世界分额%而喜悦时,突然有人找上门来收钱,说我们侵犯了他们的专利,结果我们的企业却在为他人做嫁衣裳。将你的商标注而不用,微小的注册费用,却可以将你阻止在这个市场之外,轻而易举地排斥了你这个竞争对手。先让你使用他们的专利技术,等你长大了,再来收拾你,这种“放水养鱼”的策略,正大肆将我国的企业辛苦积累的利润收为其囊中……

知识产权已经成为一种商业手段,被很多发达国家的企业,特别是跨国公司娴熟地使用在商业竞争中,他们早已经把知识产权发展战略作为企业发展战略的重要组成部分纳入其中。“目前我国拥有自主知识产权企业的数量过少,仅有2000多家,仅占万分之三,有99%的企业没有申请专利;拥有自己商标的企业仅占40%。很多企业处在有‘制造’无‘创造’、有‘产权’无‘知识’的状态,甚至靠仿造过日子。”国家知识产权局副局长曾经在一次重要会议上这样讲述。

我国有的专家学者还耿耿于怀:抱怨我国知识产权保护水平“太高”,指责我国对国外知识产权的保护水平比国外还高,搞“超世界水平保护”;还有许多人在经常提到美国20世纪40年代、日本20世纪6、70年代与我国目前经济发展水平相似,而当时它们的知识产权保护水平则比我们现在低得多。20世纪70年代之前,国际上“经济全球化”的进程基本没有开始。我们如果在今天坚持按照我们认为合理的水平保护知识产权、而不愿考虑经济一体化的要求以及相应国际条约的要求,在国际竞争的大环境中看,其唯一的结果只可能是我们在竞争中被自我淘汰出局。
当知识产权成为国家发展战略
随着经济全球化的发展,美国在20世纪70年代后期,一度输给日本,并陷入了经济萧条。而真正打破这一局面的正是知识产权政策,进入80年代,由于实施了重视知识产权的政策,美国顺利地摆脱了经济困境。

2002年日本政府在知识产权战略会议上发表了《知识产权战略大纲》,将“知识产权立国”列为国家战略。同年11月27日,日本国会通过了政府制定的《知识产权基本法》,为“知识产权立国”提供了法律保障。日本成立知识产权战略总部,由全体内阁成员和10名在知识产权方面有专长的成员组成。首相小泉纯一郎任部长,副部长由内阁官房长官、负责科学技术的大臣、文部科学大臣、经济产业大臣担任。知识产权战略总部下设的知识产权战略推进秘书处,由副部长级的干部担任政府审议会秘书处秘书长这在日本还是首次。有专长的成员包括三菱电机等大公司的总裁,著名大学和研究所的专家学者,以及律师等。知识产权战略总部规格如此之高,充分说明日本对保护知识产权的重视。随着知识产权法的实施,日本在大学研究成果转化为产品、处理侵犯知识产权纠纷、取缔海外侵犯日本知识产权现象和高新技术研究成果的保护等各个方面将会加大管理力度。

2002年,英国贸工部、专利局与大学联盟等共同出版了知识产权管理手册,以期让更多的研究成果转化为企业产品。政府官员表示,英国拥有世界级的科学家,若能将好的点子转换成更多商机与工作机会,将有助于强化英国整体竞争力。有效的知识产权管理将有助于充分利用研发成果并产生扩散效应,进而提升民众生活品质。

当我们的国家还在激烈讨论如何“移植”知识产权理念时,发达国家早已在我们国家急需要得到的知识打上了所有权的印记。我们必须懂得尊重知识产权的重要意义,并努力学习、引进新的技术和知识,必须面对发达国家保护知识产权的铁壁铜墙。发展才是硬道理,我们必须尽快建立自己国家的知识产权战略。
我们该做什么
  北京大学知识产权学院张平教授接受《中国经济周刊》采访时表示:“我们在知识产权保护方面惟一没有与国际接轨的,就是企业意识不接轨,这是我们最大的问题,如果这个问题解决了,很多善意侵权我们就制止了,恶意侵权我们也能抵制住。而政府应该更多的培训、指导和扶持我们的企业。”而正是由于大部分中国企业在知识产权保护方面过于稚嫩的处理方式,以及政府相关统计数字的缺乏,才导致中国企业落入国外知识产权“陷阱”。

在资本经济向知识经济转变时,知识产权是企业立足之本,也是我们立国之本。我们不仅要尊重知识产权,保护知识产权,我们更要把知识产权作为企业和国家发展的方略。然而我们却连知识产权保护的意识都没有,怎么能奢谈知识产权方略?怎么去应对国外知识产权的壁垒?现在我们最为迫切的是学习知识产权知识,提高知识产权意识。

让我们一起来学习知识产权知识吧!

该文为本人所著《知识产权法律顾问》一书序言。

作者:王瑜,知识产权律师,电话:010-51662214,
电子邮件:lawyerwy@263.net,tttp;//www.srls.cn



江西省行政机关实施行政许可听证办法

江西省人民政府


江西省行政机关实施行政许可听证办法(附:英文译本)

文号:江西省人民政府令第156号
《江西省行政机关实施行政许可听证办法》已经2007年4月23日省人民政府第58次常务会议审议通过,现予公布,自2007年7月1日起施行。
  
   省长吴新雄
  
   二○○七年四月二十九日

  
   江西省行政机关实施行政许可听证办法
  
  
  第一条 为规范行政机关实施行政许可的听证活动,保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益,维护公共利益和社会秩序,保障和监督行政机关有效实施行政许可,根据《中华人民共和国行政许可法》,结合本省实际,制定本办法。
  
  第二条 本省行政区域内各级行政机关实施行政许可听证(以下简称听证),适用本办法。
  
  法律、法规授权实施行政许可的具有管理公共事务职能的组织,适用本办法有关行政机关的规定。
  
  第三条 行政机关实施下列行政许可事项,应当组织听证:
  
  (一)法律、法规、规章规定实施行政许可应当听证的事项;
  
  (二)行政机关认为需要听证的涉及公共利益的重大行政许可事项;
  
  (三)被依法告知听证权利的行政许可申请人、利害关系人在法定期限内提出听证申请的事项。
  
  第四条 听证应当遵循合法、公开、公平、公正、高效和便民的原则。
  
  除涉及国家秘密、商业秘密或者个人隐私的外,听证会一律公开举行,并允许公民、法人和其他组织旁听,接受社会监督。
  
  第五条 听证由有权作出行政许可决定的行政机关组织;依法接受委托实施行政许可的行政机关应当以委托行政机关的名义组织听证。
  
  依法应当经两个或者两个以上行政机关分别实施的行政许可事项须听证的,应当分别组织听证,或者联合组织听证。
  
  依法应当先经下级行政机关审查后,报上级行政机关决定的行政许可事项须听证的,由最终作出行政许可决定的行政机关组织听证;但该行政许可事项依法应当报国务院或者国务院部门作出行政许可决定的,按国家有关规定执行。
  
  第六条 听证人包括:听证主持人、听证员、记录员。
  
  听证主持人和听证员由行政机关负责人指定;记录员由听证主持人指定。
  
  第七条 听证主持人应当符合下列条件:
  
  (一)是审查该行政许可申请的工作人员以外的人员;
  
  (二)熟悉听证程序以及与该行政许可事项有关的法律、法规、规章的规定;
  
  (三)具有一定的组织能力;
  
  (四)法律、法规、规章规定的其他条件。
  
  第八条 听证主持人履行下列职责:
  
  (一)组织制定听证方案;
  
  (二)确定听证会的时间、地点;
  
  (三)组织听证会的进行;
  
  (四)接收有关证据;
  
  (五)维持听证会秩序;
  
  (六)组织提出听证报告书;
  
  (七)法律、法规、规章和本办法规定的其他职责。
  
  听证员负责协助听证主持人履行前款规定的职责。
  
  第九条 听证参加人包括:行政机关审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人,以及本办法第十一条规定的委托代理人、鉴定人、证人。
  
  第十条 行政机关对本办法第三条第(一)、(二)项规定的行政许可事项,应当在作出行政许可决定前,以公告的形式向社会告知听证的事项、拟作出行政许可决定的主要内容,以及报名参加听证的办法等,公告的时间不得少于15日。
  
  行政机关对本办法第三条第(三)项规定的行政许可事项,应当在作出行政许可决定前,书面告知行政许可申请人、利害关系人享有要求听证的权利;行政许可申请人、利害关系人在被告知听证权利之日起5日内提出听证申请的,行政机关应当在20日内组织听证。
  
  第十一条 报名或者申请参加听证会的利害关系人较多时,组织听证的行政机关可以要求利害关系人在规定时间内自行推选代表人参加听证,并提交载明代表人基本情况的书面材料,由听证主持人审核确认;逾期未推选的,由组织听证的行政机关按照报名、申请的顺序或者采取抽签等公平、公开的方式确定代表人作为听证参加人,并予以公布。
  
  前款代表人的人数,由组织听证的行政机关根据听证事项的具体情况,按照不同主张的人员人数基本相同的原则确定,并予以公布。
  
  代表人参加听证的行为对其所代表的当事人发生效力,但代表人变更或者放弃听证主张的,应当经被代表的当事人同意。
  
  第十二条 行政许可申请人、利害关系人可以委托1至2名代理人参加听证;委托代理人参加听证的,应当向组织听证的行政机关提交载明委托事项及权限,并由委托人签名或者盖章的授权委托书,由听证主持人审核确认。委托代理人代为变更或者放弃听证主张,或者代为放弃陈述权、申辩权、质证权的,应当有委托人的明确授权。
  
  审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人认为有关问题需要鉴定,或者有证人证明其听证主张的,可以请鉴定人或者证人参加听证,并向组织听证的行政机关提交有关的证明材料,由听证主持人审核确认。
  
  第十三条 听证主持人有下列情形之一的,应当自行回避;行政许可申请人、利害关系人有权以口头或者书面形式申请其回避:
  
  (一)是该行政许可申请的审查人员;
  
  (二)与该行政许可申请人、利害关系人或者他们的委托代理人是近亲属的;
  
  (三)与听证的行政许可事项有直接利害关系的;
  
  (四)与该行政许可申请人、利害关系人有其他关系,可能影响听证的公正性的。
  
  前款规定,适用于听证员、记录员、鉴定人。
  
  听证主持人的回避,由行政机关负责人决定;听证员、记录员、鉴定人的回避,由听证主持人决定。
  
  第十四条 组织听证的行政机关应当在听证会举行的7日前,向听证参加人送达《行政许可听证通知书》,必要时予以公告。
  
  《行政许可听证通知书》应当载明下列事项:
  
  (一)听证的行政许可事项;
  
  (二)拟作出行政许可决定的主要内容;
  
  (三)举行听证会的时间、地点;
  
  (四)听证主持人的姓名、职务;
  
  (五)其他应当载明的事项。
  
  第十五条 听证会按照下列程序进行:
  
  (一)听证主持人宣布听证会开始,介绍听证参加人和听证的行政许可事项,核对行政许可申请人、利害关系人的身份;
  
  (二)听证员宣读听证会纪律;
  
  (三)审查该行政许可申请的工作人员陈述审查意见及所依据的事实、理由和适用的法律、法规、规章,出示证据;
  
  (四)行政许可申请人、利害关系人按照听证主持人安排的顺序,陈述主张及相关事实、理由和法律、法规、规章依据,出示证据;
  
  (五)进行申辩和质证,需请鉴定人出示鉴定意见或者证人作证的,须经听证主持人允许;
  
  (六)申辩和质证终结,审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人按照听证主持人安排的顺序,作最后陈述;
  
  (七)听证主持人宣布听证会结束。
  
  听证主持人应当中立、客观、全面地听取听证参加人的陈述。
  
  听证会举行的当日不能完成本条第一款规定程序的,听证主持人应当宣布择期继续举行听证会。
  
  第十六条 在听证会进行过程中,听证主持人可以询问听证参加人;经听证主持人允许,审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人可以相互发问,也可以向鉴定人、证人发问。
  
  第十七条 听证应当制作听证笔录。听证笔录应当载明下列内容:
  
  (一)听证的行政许可事项;
  
  (二)听证主持人、听证员和记录员的姓名、职务;
  
  (三)听证参加人的姓名、地址等基本情况和出席听证会的情况;
  
  (四)听证会举行的时间、地点;
  
  (五)听证会是否公开举行,不公开举行的理由;
  
  (六)审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人的陈述及提出的事实、理由、依据、证据;
  
  (七)鉴定人的鉴定结论和证人证言;
  
  (八)申辩和质证情况;
  
  (九)听证主持人在听证会进行过程中对有关事项的处理情况;
  
  (十)听证主持人认为应当记录的其他事项。
  
  审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人在听证时提出的经过质证的证据材料,应当作为听证笔录的附件。
  
  第十八条 听证笔录应当由听证参加人签名或者盖章;听证参加人拒绝签名或者盖章的,应当记录在卷。
  
  听证参加人认为听证笔录对自己的陈述记录有遗漏或者差错的,有权向听证主持人申请补正;不予补正的,应当将申请记录在卷。
  
  第十九条 听证会结束后,听证主持人应当会同听证员、记录员在5日内,根据听证笔录制作听证报告书,连同听证笔录报送本行政机关负责人。
  
  行政机关对依法举行了听证会的行政许可事项,应当根据听证笔录作出行政许可决定。
  
  第二十条 有下列情形之一的,可以延期举行听证:
  
  (一)因不可抗力导致听证会无法按期举行的;
  
  (二)行政许可申请人、利害关系人申请延期,有正当理由的;
  
  (三)依法可以延期的其他情形。
  
  延期举行听证会的,组织听证的行政机关应当通知听证参加人;延期的情形消失后,组织听证的行政机关应当在3日内举行听证会,并书面通知听证参加人。
  
  第二十一条 有下列情形之一,可以中止听证:
  
  (一)听证会进行过程中提出新的事实、理由和证据,听证主持人认为有待调查核实的;
  
  (二)回避申请在听证会开始后提出的;
  
  (三)依法可以中止听证的其他情形。
  
  中止听证的情形消失后,组织听证的行政机关应当在3日内恢复举行听证,并通知听证参加人。
  
  第二十二条 有下列情形之一的,可以终止听证:
  
  (一)行政许可申请人、利害关系人撤回申请的;
  
  (二)行政许可申请人、利害关系人无正当理由不参加听证会,或者未经听证主持人允许中途退场的;
  
  (三)依法应当终止听证程序的其他情形。
  
  第二十三条 行政许可申请人、利害关系人对本办法第三条第(三)项规定的行政许可事项,在规定时间内均未提出听证申请的,视为放弃听证要求,行政机关应当作书面记载,并可以在对行政许可申请进行全面、客观、公正审查的基础上,依法作出行政许可决定。
  
  第二十四条 行政机关及其工作人员违反《中华人民共和国行政许可法》和本办法的规定,有下列情形之一的,由其上级行政机关或者监察机关责令改正;情节严重的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予行政处分:
  
  (一)未向行政许可申请人、利害关系人履行法定告知听证权利的义务的;
  
  (二)依法应当举行听证而未举行听证的;
  
  (三)不履行或者不正确履行听证职责的;
  
  (四)未依据听证笔录作出行政许可决定的。
  
  第二十五条 行政许可申请人、利害关系人或者其他人员扰乱听证会秩序或者有其他妨碍听证会正常进行行为的,听证主持人有权予以制止或者责令其退场;情节严重的,由公安机关依法给予治安管理处罚;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
  
  第二十六条 行政许可申请人、利害关系人不承担行政机关组织听证的费用。听证所需经费应当列入本行政机关的预算,由本级财政予以保障。
  
  第二十七条 本办法规定的期限以工作日计算,不含法定节假日。
  
  行政机关组织听证的时间,不计算在实施该行政许可事项的法定期限内;其实施行政许可的期限,自听证程序结束、终止的次日起接续计算。
  
  第二十八条 本办法自2007年7月1日起施行。


  英文译本

Measures of Jiangxi Province for Public Hearings of the Implementation of Administrative License by the Administrative Organ


These Measures of Jiangxi Province for Public Hearings of the Implementation of Administrative License by the Administrative Organ, adopted at the 58th session of the executive meeting of the People’s Government of Jiangxi Province on April 23, 2007, are hereby promulgated and shall come into effect as of July 1, 2007.


Governor: Wu Xinxiong

April 29, 2007


  Article 1 In order to regulate the hearing procedures of implementation of Administrative License by the Administrative Organ, protect the legal rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, safeguard the public interests and social order, and ensure and supervise the effective implementation of administrative license, these measures are formulated in accordance with the specific circumstances of the province and the Administrative License Law of the People's Republic of China.

  Article 2 These measures shall apply to the public hearing of implementation of Administrative License by the administrative organs at all levels within the administrative areas of the province (hereinafter referred to as “hearing”).

The provisions concerning the administrative organ in these measures shall be applicable to the organization with a function of implementing Administrative License or managing public affairs under the authorization of a law or regulation.

  Article 3 A hearing should be organized upon implementation of the following administrative license matters by the administrative organs:

  (1) A hearing as provided for the implementation of administrative license in any law, regulation or rule;

  (2) Any licensing matters considered by the administrative organ to be of great importance to the public interests;

  (3) Licensing matters applied within the statutory time limit by the applicants and the interested parties of administrative license who have been informed the legal right to a hearing in accordance with law;

  Article 4 The hearing shall observe the principles of legality, openness, fairness and impartiality, high efficiency and convenience.

  The hearing shall be held in public except that it involves state secrets, business secrets and individual privacy. Citizens, legal persons and other organizations shall have the access to observing and supervising the hearing proceedings.

  Article 5 The hearing should be organized by the administrative organs which are entitled to make administrative license decisions. The administrative organs which are legally entrusted with the implementation of the administrative license should organize the hearing in the name of the entrusting administrative organ.

  If an administrative licensing matter to be implemented respectively by two or more administrative organs needs hearing, it should be organized separately or jointly.

  In accordance with law, where an administrative license should be subject to the examination of the lower administrative organ before it is reported and submitted to the upper administrative organ for decision, the hearing should be organized by the administrative organ that makes the final administrative decision. But when an administrative license should be reported to the State Council or the departments under the State Council for administrative license decisions, the relevant state regulations prevail.

  Article 6 The hearing staff includes the chairperson of the hearing, the hearing officers and the notetaker.

  The chairperson of the hearings and the hearing officers shall be decided by the director of the administrative organ. The clerk shall be decided by the chairperson of the hearing.

  Article 7 The chairperson of the hearings should meet the following requirements:

  (1) Those who are not responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license;

  (2) Those who are familiar with the hearing procedures of the administrative license and related laws, regulations and rules;

  (3) Those with a certain organizing ability;

  (4) Those who meet the other requirements stipulated in the laws, regulations and rules.

  Article 8 The chairperson of the hearing shall perform the following functions during the hearing:

  (1) Make the plan of the hearing;

  (2) Decide the time and place of the hearings;

  (3) Organize the hearings;

  (4) Receive relevant evidence;

  (5) Maintain the proper order of the hearings;

  (6) Prepare and work out the hearing report;

  (7) Fulfill other duties as provided in any law, regulation, rule and these measures.

  The hearing officers shall assist the chairperson of the hearings in performing the functions and duties stipulated above.

  Article 9 The participants of the hearing include the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative  license, the applicants of administrative license, the interested parties,the entrusted agents, the identifiers and the witnesses as provided in Article 12 of these measures.

  Article 10 For the administrative license matters listed in Items 1and 2 of Article 3,the administrative organ shall announce to the public the information about the matters under administrative license of the hearing, the main content of administrative license decisions and the way to participate in the hearing before making the administrative decision. The duration of the announcement shall not be less than 15 days.

  For the administrative license matters listed in Item 3 of Article 3,the administrative organ shall inform the applicant of the administrative license or the interested party of the right to request for a hearing by means of written notice. Where the applicant or interested party applies for a hearing within 5 days from the day when he or she is informed of such right, the administrative organ shall organize a hearing within 20 days.

  Article 11 When there are lots of interested parties applying to participate in the hearing, the administrative organ which organizes the hearing can ask the interested parties to select their own representatives to participate in the hearing in a specified time and submit written materials which contain basic information of the representatives for the chairperson to examine. If no representatives are selected within the time limit, the administrative organ that organizes the hearing should select the representatives according to the application order or by means of drawing straws or in other fair and open ways.

  The number of representatives should be decided by the administrative organ that organizes the hearing according to the specific circumstances of the hearing and according to the basic principle that the numbers of people with different opinions are equally represented, and the number of the representatives should be announced.

  The acts of such representatives in the hearing shall be valid for the party they represent; however, modification or waiver of the hearing claims by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent.

  Article 12 The applicants of the administrative license and the interested parties may entrust one or two agents to participate in the hearing. Where the entrusted agents participate in the hearing, a Power of Attorney containing the explicit description of the entrusted matters and the limits of authority and bearing the signature or seal of the entrusting party shall be submitted to the chairperson of the hearing for examining. Modification or waiver of the hearing claims or the disclamation of the rights to make statements, defend and conduct cross-examinations shall be subject to the authorization of the entrusting party.

  If the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants and the interested parties consider it is necessary to identify relevant matters,or there are witnesses to prove their hearing claims, identifiers and witnesses could be invited to participate in the hearing. Relevant supporting materials shall be submitted to the administrative organ for the chairperson of the hearing to examine.

  Article 13 Under any of the following circumstances, a chairperson of the hearing shall voluntarily withdraw from holding a hearing, while the applicants or any interested parties are entitled to require the withdrawal of such a person from the hearing in oral or written form.

  (1) He or she is one of the examining personnel of the case;

  (2) He or she is the close relative of an applicant of the administrative license, an interested party, or the entrusted agent of the case;

  (3) He or she is one of the personnel who have direct interests with the administrative licensing matter;

  (4) He or she has some other relationship with the applicant or the interested party of the case,which may affect the impartial hearing of the case.

  The provisions of the preceding paragraph are applicable to the hearing officers, the notetakers, and the identifiers.

  The withdrawal of the chairperson from the hearing shall be decided by the director of the administrative organ. The withdrawal of the notetaker and the identifiers shall be decided by the chairperson of the hearing.

  Article 14 The administrative organ shall send the "administrative license hearing notice" to the participants of the hearing 7 days before it is held, and shall announce it to the public if necessary;

"Administrative license hearing notice" should include:

  (1) The matters under administrative license of the hearing;

  (2) The main content of administrative license decisions;

  (3) The time and place of the hearing to be held;

  (4) The name and title of the chairperson of the hearing;

  (5) Other matters that should be made clear.

  Article 15 The public hearing shall be conducted in accordance with the following procedure:

  (1) The chairperson of the hearing should announce the commencement of the hearing, introduce the participants of the hearing and the Administrative License matters and check the identities of the participants of administrative license and the interested parties.

  (2) The hearing officer reads the hearing disciplines;

  (3) The persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license shall provide proofs, reasons and laws, regulations and rules for the examination opinions and present evidence;

  (4) The applicants and the interested parties shall make their statements and provide related proofs, reasons and laws, regulations and rules and present evidence with the order arranged by the chairperson of the hearing;

  (5) Where it is necessary for the identifier to read out the conclusion of verification in the course of defense and cross-examination, or for the witness to testify, the chairperson of the hearing should give permission first;

  (6) After the defense and cross-examination, the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants and the interested parties should make their final statements with the order arranged by the chairperson of the hearing;

  (7) The chairperson of the hearing announces the closure of the hearing.

  The chairperson of the hearing should be neutral, objective and impartial in hearing the statements of the participants of the hearing.

  If the procedures mentioned in the first paragraph of this article can’t be completed, the chairperson of the hearing should declare that the hearing will continue later.

  Article 16 During the hearing, the chairperson of the hearing can question the participants of the hearing; with the permission given by the chairperson of the hearing, the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants and the parties can question each other and can also question the identifiers or witnesses.

  Article 17 The activities of hearing shall be recorded in the transcripts of the hearing. The transcripts of the hearing shall explicitly record the following matters:

  (1) The matters under administrative license of the hearing;

  (2) The names and titles of the chairperson of the hearing, hearing officers,and the notetaker;

  (3) The names, addresses and attendance of the participants of hearing;

  (4) The time and place of the hearing held;

  (5) Whether the hearing is held openly.If it is not,the reasons should be provided;

  (6) The statements, facts, reasons, basis and evidence provided by the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants of the administrative license and the interested parties;

  (7) The conclusion of verification of the identifier and the testimony of the witness;

  (8) Defense and cross-examinations;

  (9) The treatment of related matters by the chairperson of the hearing in the course of the hearing;

  (10) Any other matters that the chairperson considers to be important.

  The evidence materials of cross-examinations provided by the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants and the interested parties during the hearing should be included as the attachment of the transcripts of the hearing.

  Article 18 The transcripts of the hearing to the participants shall bear the signatures or the seals of the participants of the hearing. Refusal of the participants of the hearing to sign or seal shall be recorded.

  If the participants of the hearing consider that the transcripts of the hearing has omitted a part of their statement or is incorrect in some other respect, they shall have the right to request correction thereof. If no correction is made, the request for correction shall be noted in the written record.

  Article 19 After the hearing, the chairperson of the hearing shall make a Report of the Administrative License according to the transcripts of the hearing, and send it together with the transcripts to the director of the administrative organ within 5 days.

  The administrative organ shall make a decision on the administrative license according to the transcripts of the hearing.

  Article 20 Under any of the following circumstances, the public hearing shall be postponed:

  (1)The hearing is unable to be implemented due to force majeure;

  (2) The applicant of the administrative license or the interested party applies for a phased extension with valid reasons;

  (3)Other circumstances for the postponement of the hearing.

  If the hearing is postponed, the administrative organ that organizes the hearing shall inform the participants of the hearing. Where the reason for the postponement of the hearing ceases to exist, the administrative organ that organizes the hearing shall resume the hearing within 3 days and inform the participants of the hearing.

  Article 21 Under any of the following circumstances, the hearing shall be suspended:

  (1) There appear new facts, reasons and evidence during the hearing which the chairperson considers should be verified;

  (2) The requirement of the withdrawal of a hearing officer is made after the hearing has started;

  (3) Other circumstances for the suspension of the hearing.

  Where the reason for the suspension of the hearing ceases to exist, the administrative organ that organizes the hearing shall resume the hearing within 3 days and inform the participants of the hearing.

  Article 22 Under any of the following circumstances, the hearing shall be terminated:

  (1) The applicant of the administrative license or the interested party has withdrawn the application;

  (2) The applicant of the administrative license or the interested party fails to be present at the hearing without valid reasons or withdraws from the hearing without the permission of the chairperson of the hearing.

  (3) Other circumstances for the termination of the hearing

  Article 23 For the administrative license matters listed in Item 3 of Article 3 of these measures,the applicant of the administrative license or the interested party failing to file the application of hearing within the prescribed period shall be considered to disclaim the hearing right. The administrative organ shall make a written record,and make a decision on the administrative license in accordance with the law upon comprehensive, objective and fair examination.

  Article 24 Where an administrative organ and any of its functionaries violates any of the provisions of these measures or the Administrative License Law of The People's Republic of China under any of the following circumstances, the order of correction shall be given by the superior administrative organ or the supervisory organ; if the violations are serious, the direct liable persons in charge and other direct liable persons shall be given the administrative punishment in accordance with law:

  (1) Failing to inform the applicants of the administrative license or the interested parties of the hearing rights and obligations;

  (2) Failing to hold a hearing as required by the law;

  (3) Failing to perform its hearing functions or failing to fulfill the hearing obligations in this aspect;

  (4) Failing to make the administrative license decision on the basis of the transcripts of the hearing.

  Article 25 If the applicants of the administrative license, the interested parties or any other person disrupt the hearing order or contravenes the proper conduct of the hearing, the chairperson shall be entitled to stop the behavior or order them to leave. If the violation is serious, the public security office shall, according to the relevant provisions of the public order management regulations, impose a penalty. If such actions constitute a crime, criminal penalty shall be imposed.

  Article 26 The applicants of the administrative license and interested parties shall not pay for the expenses arising from the administrative organ's organization of the hearing. The essential fund for the administrative organ to implement an administrative license shall be listed in the budget of this administrative organ, which shall be ensured by the finance department of the same level.

  Article 27 he time limit referred to in these measures shall be calculated according to the working days, not including the legal holidays and leaves.

  Where an administrative organ needs to organize a hearing, the required time shall not be included in the time limit of implementation of the Administrative License. The time limit of implementation of the Administrative License should be calculated from the day after the date of termination of the hearing procedures.

  Article 28 These measures shall become effective as of July 1, 2007.


南昌市城市房屋装修管理办法

江西省南昌市人民政府


南昌市城市房屋装修管理办法
南昌市人民政府


1997年3月3日市人民政府第1次常务会议通过


第一条 为了加强我市城市房屋装修管理,保障房屋使用安全,维护城市市容环境卫生,根据国家有关法律、法规的规定,结合本市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 本市城市规划区范围内已竣工交付使用和已投入使用的房屋因装修需要改变房屋结构的,适用本办法。
文物保护单位和具有文物保护价值的房屋装修依照国家有关规定办理。
第三条 市、县(区)房产管理部门主管城市房屋装修结构安全管理工作。
市、县(区)市容环境管理部门负责城市房屋装修垃圾清运管理工作。
规划、建筑管理、公安等部门及镇人民政府、街道办事处应当按照各自职责,做好城市房屋装修管理工作。
第四条 房屋所有人或使用人应当爱护和合理使用房屋。
对破坏房屋结构安全和乱扔乱倒装修垃圾的行为,任何单位和个人都有权举报。
第五条 房屋装修,必须保证房屋原有的整体性、抗震性和结构安全,做到安全实用,并符合抗震、消防、供电、市容环境等有关规定,不得因装修影响毗邻房屋的使用安全。
第六条 房屋所有人或使用人装修房屋,不得擅自改变房屋结构。
房屋使用人装修房屋必须征得房屋所有人同意,并签订书面协议。使用人变更时,对影响房屋结构安全的装修不得拆除。
第七条 房屋装修产生的垃圾,应当委托市容环境专业队伍清运,单位有条件的,也可以自行清运到市容环境管理部门指定的地点,不得乱扔乱倒。
第八条 房屋所有人或使用人装修房屋,确需改变下列房屋结构的,必须报经房产管理部门批准,领取房屋装修许可单:
(一)拆改柱、混凝土承重构件;
(二)拆除窗间墙和在窗间墙上打洞;
(三)在悬挑楼梯的承重墙上挖壁打洞;
(四)在楼面基层上凿糟安装各类管道;
(五)其他拆改房屋结构的行为。
第九条 申请房屋装修许可单,按照下列程序办理:
(一)向房屋所在地县(区)房产管理部门提出申请(其中属东湖、西湖、青云谱及郊区范围内的非住宅房屋装修向市房产管理部门提出申请),填写房屋装修申请表,交验房屋所有权证或者租赁合同和房屋所有人同意装修的书面协议以及装修设计方案和施工图;
(二)房产管理部门接到装修申请表后,应当在5个工作日内派人到现场勘查,核定装修项目、具体部位、时间等事项,对符合装修条件的,通知申请人到房屋所在地街道办事处或者镇人民政府签订装修垃圾清运合同或者自行清运责任书;对不符合装修条件的,书面通知申请人,说明
理由;
(三)申请人持签订好的装修垃圾清运合同或者自行清运责任书,向房产管理部门领取房屋装修许可单。
房屋装修涉及室外的,还必须向规划等部门办理有关手续。
第十条 房屋装修必须严格按照经批准的装修设计方案和施工图进行施工,保证装修质量,不得擅自改变经批准的装修设计方案和施工图。
第十一条 房屋装修金额在30万元以上的项目,应当聘请持有资质等级证书的企业进行施工。
第十二条 房产管理部门应当对房屋装修现场进行检查,房屋所有人或使用人应当接受检查。
第十三条 房屋装修竣工后,房屋所有人或使用人应当向房产管理部门申请验收,房产管理部门应当在接到申请之日起5个工作日内,会同市容环境管理等部门进行验收。房屋验收合格后,方可投入使用。
第十四条 有下列情形之一的房屋,不得进行装修:
(一)严重损坏的房屋和有险情的房屋未经修缮加固处理的;
(二)属于整栋危险房屋的;
(三)属于临时建筑的;
(四)房屋在拆迁范围内的。
第十五条 单位或者物业管理企业在健全的房产管理机构,并配有一定数量的技术人员、管理人员的,可以受市、县房产管理部门的委托对本单位公房(包括房改出售的住房)或者经营的物业装修进行管理,代发房屋装修许可单。
单位和物业管理企业的房屋装修管理人员,必须经市、县房产管理部门培训,并取得上岗证后,方可上岗。
第十六条 违反本办法,有下列行为之一的,由房产管理部门责令限期改正,并可视情节轻重,对直接责任人处200元以下罚款,对责任单位处1000元以下罚款:
(一)未取得房屋装修许可单擅自装修的;
(二)装修中擅自改变经批准的装修设计方案和施工图的;
(三)未经验收或验收不合格投入使用的。
第十七条 违反本办法,乱扔乱倒装修垃圾的,由市容环境管理部门处以每次10元至50元罚款,垃圾由市容环境管理部门组织专业队伍清运,费用由乱扔乱倒者支付。
第十八条 拒绝、阻碍执法人员执行公务的,由公安机关依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》进行处罚。
第十九条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可以依法申请复议或者向人民法院起诉。逾期不申请复议、也不向人民法院起诉、又不履行处罚决定的,由作出处罚决定的部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十条 房屋装修管理人员应当认真履行职责,秉公办事。对玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊的,由其所在单位或者上级主管机关给予行政处分,触犯刑律的,依法追究刑事责任。
第二十一条 本办法由市人民政府负责解释。
第二十二条 本办法自发布之日起施行。




1997年3月21日